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Rotation about single bond of butane to interconvert one conformation to another. The gauche conformation on the right is a conformer, while the eclipsed conformation on the left is a transition state between conformers. Above: Newman projection; below: depiction of spatial orientation.
The molecular configuration of a molecule is the permanent geometry that results from the spatial arrangement of its bonds. [1] The ability of the same set of atoms to form two or more molecules with different configurations is stereoisomerism.
The Curtin–Hammett principle is a principle in chemical kinetics proposed by David Yarrow Curtin and Louis Plack Hammett.It states that, for a reaction that has a pair of reactive intermediates or reactants that interconvert rapidly (as is usually the case for conformational isomers), each going irreversibly to a different product, the product ratio will depend both on the difference in ...
B is highest & A lowest in energy. A is thus the most stable conformation. Valleys are local energy minima. A can thus be classified as a rotamer (a class of conformers). Peaks are not rotamers, & are caused by repulsive forces of the hydrogens. Source for conformation names & rotamer classification:
Figure 3: Representation of a strictly anti-coplanar conformation. A, B, C, and D are in the same plane and the dihedral angle between A–B and C–D is 180°. Figure 4: Newman projection showing A and D anti-periplanar. Figure 5: Sawhorse projection of 2-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane showing Cl and H anti-periplanar.
In chemistry an eclipsed conformation is a conformation in which two substituents X and Y on adjacent atoms A, B are in closest proximity, implying that the torsion angle X–A–B–Y is 0°. [1] Such a conformation can exist in any open chain, single chemical bond connecting two sp 3-hybridised atoms, and it is normally a conformational ...
The gauche effect is very sensitive to solvent effects, due to the large difference in polarity between the two conformers.For example, 2,3-dinitro-2,3-dimethylbutane, which in the solid state exists only in the gauche conformation, prefers the gauche conformer in benzene solution by a ratio of 79:21, but in carbon tetrachloride, it prefers the anti conformer by a ratio of 58:42. [9]
Valleys A & B are local energy minima & A is global minima. A & B can thus be classified as rotamers (a class of conformers). Peaks are not rotamers, & are caused by repulsive forces of the hydrogens & methyls (-CH3). Source for conformation names & conformer classification: Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 68, No. 12, pp. 2193-2222, 1996