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Eupnea is an efficient and effective form of breathing, which balances between maximizing air intake, and minimizing muscular effort. During eupnea, neural output to respiratory muscles is highly regular and stable, with rhythmic bursts of activity during inspiration only to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
Hyperpnea – fast and deep breathing; Hyperventilation – increased breathing that causes CO 2 loss; Hypopnea – slow and shallow breathing; Hypoventilation – decreased breathing that causes CO 2 gain; Labored breathing – physical presentation of respiratory distress; Tachypnea – increased breathing rate
Cheyne–Stokes respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper, and sometimes faster, breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea. The pattern repeats, with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2 minutes. [1]
Tidal breathing is normal, resting breathing; the tidal volume is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in only a single such breath. The average human respiratory rate is 30–60 breaths per minute at birth, [ 2 ] decreasing to 12–20 breaths per minute in adults.
The preBötC produces two types of breathing rhythm in the presence of physiological levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. In eupnea, or normal resting breathing, the preBötC generates a rhythm that is relatively fast (~2–4 Hz in rodents, ~0.1-0.2 Hz in humans) with each breath achieving a tidal volume of air movement.
Breathing is normally an unconscious, involuntary, automatic process. The pattern of motor stimuli during breathing can be divided into an inhalation stage and an exhalation stage. Inhalation shows a sudden, ramped increase in motor discharge to the respiratory muscles (and the pharyngeal constrictor muscles). [5]
Sleep apnea (or sleep apnoea in British English; /æpˈniːə/) is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or instances of shallow or infrequent breathing during sleep. Each pause in breathing, called an apnea, can last for several seconds to several minutes, and may occur 5 to 30 times or more in an hour. [4]
In the unconscious patient, after the airway is opened the next area to assess is the patient's breathing, [11] primarily to find if the patient is making normal respiratory efforts. Normal breathing rates are between 12 and 20 breaths per minute, [14] and if a patient is breathing below the minimum rate, then in current ILCOR basic life ...