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IgM: Memory B cells that express IgM can be found concentrated in the tonsils, Peyer's patch, and lymph nodes. [3] This subset of memory B cells is more likely to proliferate and reenter the germinal center during a secondary immune response. [4] IgG: Memory B cells that express IgG typically differentiate into plasma cells. [4]
Innate immune memory (trained immunity) is defined as a long-term functional reprogramming of innate immune cells evoked by exogenous or endogenous insults and leading to an altered response towards a second challenge after returning to a non-activated state.
Antigen-specific memory T cells specific to viruses or other microbial molecules can be found in both central memory T cells (T CM) and effector memory T cells (T EM) subsets. . Although most information is currently based on observations in the cytotoxic T cells (CD8-positive) subset, similar populations appear to exist for both the helper T cells (CD4-positive) and the cytotoxic T ce
When B cells and T cells are activated some become memory B cells and some memory T cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal these memory cells form a database of effective B and T lymphocytes. Upon interaction with a previously encountered antigen, the appropriate memory cells are selected and activated.
B cell activation: from immature B cell to plasma cell or memory B cell Basic B cell function: bind to an antigen, receive help from a cognate helper T cell, and differentiate into a plasma cell that secretes large numbers of antibodies. B cell activation occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), such as the spleen and lymph nodes. [1]
Additional populations of memory T cells are now known to exist. These include tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells and virtual memory T cells. [35] The single unifying theme for all memory T cell subtypes is that they are long-lived and can expand quickly to large numbers of effector T cells upon encountering their cognate antigen.
However, in non-lymphoid organs, macrophages and B cells can only activate memory T cells [citation needed] whereas dendritic cells can activate both memory and naive T cells, and are the most potent of all the antigen-presenting cells. In the lymph node and secondary lymphoid organs, all three APCs can activate naive T cells.
Also, not every T RM express CD69 and CD103 what support phenotypic heterogeneity of T RM cells. [18] T RM cells are able to activate innate and adaptive leukocytes to protect the host. [27] [2] [28] [29] Cooperation of T RM cells with other memory T cell populations provide tissue surveillance and clearance of the infections. [30] [31] [12]