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  2. Distance from a point to a line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Distance_from_a_point_to_a_line

    This proof is valid only if the line is neither vertical nor horizontal, that is, we assume that neither a nor b in the equation of the line is zero. The line with equation ax + by + c = 0 has slope -a/b, so any line perpendicular to it will have slope b/a (the negative reciprocal). Let (m, n) be the point of intersection of the line ax + by ...

  3. Line (geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(geometry)

    In geometry, a straight line, usually abbreviated line, is an infinitely long object with no width, depth, or curvature, an idealization of such physical objects as a straightedge, a taut string, or a ray of light. Lines are spaces of dimension one, which may be embedded in spaces of dimension two, three, or

  4. Linear equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation

    Vertical line of equation x = a Horizontal line of equation y = b. Each solution (x, y) of a linear equation + + = may be viewed as the Cartesian coordinates of a point in the Euclidean plane. With this interpretation, all solutions of the equation form a line, provided that a and b are not both zero. Conversely, every line is the set of all ...

  5. Log–log plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log–log_plot

    Specifically, a straight line on a log–log plot containing points (x 0, F 0) and (x 1, F 1) will have the function: = ⁡ (/) ⁡ (/), Of course, the inverse is true too: any function of the form = will have a straight line as its log–log graph representation, where the slope of the line is m.

  6. Linear function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_function

    Its graph, when there is only one variable, is a horizontal line. In this context, a function that is also a linear map (the other meaning) may be referred to as a homogeneous linear function or a linear form. In the context of linear algebra, the polynomial functions of degree 0 or 1 are the scalar-valued affine maps.

  7. Great-circle distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_distance

    When calculating the length of a short north-south line at the equator, the circle that best approximates that line has a radius of (which equals the meridian's semi-latus rectum), or 6335.439 km, while the spheroid at the poles is best approximated by a sphere of radius , or 6399.594 km, a 1% difference. So long as a spherical Earth is assumed ...

  8. Envelope (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_(mathematics)

    A general straight-line thread connects the two points (0, k−t) and (t, 0), where k is an arbitrary scaling constant, and the family of lines is generated by varying the parameter t. From simple geometry, the equation of this straight line is y = −(k − t)x/t + k − t. Rearranging and casting in the form F(x,y,t) = 0 gives:

  9. Euclidean distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_distance

    Beyond its application to distance comparison, squared Euclidean distance is of central importance in statistics, where it is used in the method of least squares, a standard method of fitting statistical estimates to data by minimizing the average of the squared distances between observed and estimated values, [17] and as the simplest form of ...