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Calotropis procera. Calotropis gigantea and C. procera are the two most common species in the genus. Both plants can attain an average height of 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m) although they can occasionally become as tall as 14 to 16 ft (4.3 to 4.9 m).
Calotropis gigantea plant in southern part of India near Bangalore Calotropis gigantea flower in Belur Math, Howrah, West Bengal. Calotropis gigantea, the crown flower, is a species of Calotropis native to Cambodia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, China, Pakistan, and Nepal.
The flowers appear from August to September, followed by small (4–6 mm diameter) red to black berries from October to November. [2] The roots can be over 1 m long, up to 12 mm thick. It prefers loamy soils with a constant level of moisture. Madders are used as food plants for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Hummingbird hawk moth.
Maderaspatensis is described as being a scrambling, suffrutescent perennial herb which can stem up to 2.5 m in height with whorled four hairy leaves that are elliptic of size 2–9(–12.5) × 0.8–3.5(–5) cm, at each node, with axillary spike inflorescence. and white flowers 1/2 inches long found in the clustered form .
Common names for the plant include Apple of Sodom, [2] Sodom apple, roostertree, [3] king's crown, [4] small crownflower, [3] giant milkweed, [5] rubber bush, [2] and rubber tree. [2] The names "Apple of Sodom" and " Dead Sea Apple " stem from the ancient authors Josephus and Tacitus , who described the plant growing in the area of biblical ...
The fruit is ovoid, 3 cm long, with five wings not extending beyond the fruit apex. [4] The bark is fire-resistant. The wood is coarse, fairly straight grained, dull to somewhat lustrous and without any smell or taste. The hardwood varies from light brown with few markings to dark brown or brownish black and figured with darker streaks.
In Sanskrit, this plant is known by the name Manjishtha. It was used by hermits to dye their clothes saffron. Dioscorides and Pliny the Elder (De Re Natura) mention the plant (which the Romans called rubia passiva). In Viking Age levels of York, remains of both woad and madder have been excavated.
Ideal color was said to come from plants 18 to 28 months old that had been grown in calcareous soil, which is full of lime and typically chalky. Most were considered relatively weak and extremely fugitive until 1804, when the English dye maker George Field [10] refined the technique of making a lake from madder by treating it with alum and an ...