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Melancholia or melancholy (from Greek: µέλαινα χολή melaina chole, [1] meaning black bile) [2] is a concept found throughout ancient, medieval, and premodern medicine in Europe that describes a condition characterized by markedly depressed mood, bodily complaints, and sometimes hallucinations and delusions.
Melancholy may refer to: Melancholia , one of the four temperaments in pre-modern medicine and proto-psychology, representing a state of low mood Depression (mood) , a state of low mood, also known as melancholy
The following three sections proceed in a similarly exhaustive fashion: the first section focuses on the causes and symptoms of "common" melancholies, the second section deals with cures for melancholy, and the third section explores more complex and esoteric melancholies, including the melancholy of lovers and all manner of religious melancholies.
By pairing the two dimensions, Eysenck noted how the results were similar to the four ancient temperaments. High N, High E = Choleric; High N, Low E = Melancholy (also called "Melancholic") Low N, High E = Sanguine; Low N, Low E = Phlegmatic; He later added a third dimension, psychoticism, resulting in his "P-E-N" three factor model of personality.
Melancholia and melancholy had been used interchangeably until the 19th century, but the former came to refer to a pathological condition and the latter to a temperament. [3] The term depression was derived from the Latin verb deprimere, "to press down". [12] From the 14th century, "to depress" meant to subjugate or to bring down in spirits.
Jesse Eisenberg writes, directs, and stars, opposite Kieran Culkin in a deliberately comic film about raw suffering.
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A preparatory sketch for the engraving; see also this sketch.. Melencolia I has been the subject of more scholarship than probably any other print. As the art historian Campbell Dodgson wrote in 1926, "The literature on Melancholia is more extensive than that on any other engraving by Dürer: that statement would probably remain true if the last two words were omitted."