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Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
Supplementation with folate can mask vitamin B 12 deficiency. [39] [40] Consuming a vegan diet increases the risk, since Vitamin B 12 is mostly found in food and drinks made from animal products, including eggs and dairy products. Vitamin C deficiency: Deficiency leads to weakness, weight loss and general aches and pains.
Vitamin K 1-deficiency may occur by disturbed intestinal uptake (such as would occur in a bile duct obstruction), by therapeutic or accidental intake of a vitamin K 1-antagonist such as warfarin, or, very rarely, by nutritional vitamin K 1 deficiency. As a result, Gla-residues are inadequately formed and the Gla-proteins are insufficiently active.
VKAs diminish vitamin K levels in the body and inhibit the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors. [27] Thus, by inhibiting vitamin K, a key element by which the body produces clots, the risk of prolonged bleeding increases. [28] Traditionally, vitamin K has been used as a reversal agent for VKAs.
Officials said that a CDC document in July arguing for "the importance of reopening schools" was also crafted outside the CDC. [116] On August 16, the chief of staff, Kyle McGowan, and his deputy, Amanda Campbell, resigned from the agency. [117] The testing guidelines were reversed on September 18, 2020, after public controversy. [118]
Phytomenadione, also known as vitamin K 1 or phylloquinone, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [6] [7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [8] It is used to treat certain bleeding disorders, [7] including warfarin overdose, vitamin K deficiency, and obstructive jaundice. [7]
[16] Prenatal malnutrition and early life growth patterns can alter metabolism and physiological patterns and have lifelong effects on the risk of cardiovascular disease. [14] Children who are undernourished are more likely to be short in adulthood, have lower educational achievement and economic status, and give birth to smaller infants. [14]
Vitamin K 2 or menaquinone (MK) (/ ˌ m ɛ n ə ˈ k w ɪ n oʊ n /) is one of three types of vitamin K, the other two being vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone) and K 3 . K 2 is both a tissue and bacterial product (derived from vitamin K 1 in both cases) and is usually found in animal products or fermented foods .