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Methanation is the conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO x) to methane (CH 4) through hydrogenation. The methanation reactions of CO x were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902. [1] CO x methanation has many practical applications.
Paul Sabatier (1854-1941) winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912 and discoverer of the reaction in 1897. The Sabatier reaction or Sabatier process produces methane and water from a reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures (optimally 300–400 °C) and pressures (perhaps 3 MPa [1]) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
Generally, this process is similar to hydrogenation. The output is at three levels: heavy oil, middle oil, gasoline. The middle oil is hydrogenated in order to get more gasoline and the heavy oil is mixed with the coal again and the process restarts. In this way, heavy oil and middle oil fractions are also reused in this process.
Hydrogenation occurred at a high temperature and pressure, with syngas produced in a separate gasifier. The process ultimately yielded a synthetic crude product, Naphtha , a limited amount of C 3 /C 4 gas, light-medium weight liquids (C 5 -C 10 ) suitable for use as fuels, small amounts of NH 3 and significant amounts of CO 2 . [ 38 ]
The water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) describes the reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen: . CO + H 2 O ⇌ CO 2 + H 2. The water gas shift reaction was discovered by Italian physicist Felice Fontana in 1780.
Carbon-neutral fuel is fuel which produces no net-greenhouse gas emissions or carbon footprint.In practice, this usually means fuels that are made using carbon dioxide (CO 2) as a feedstock.
The concept of a society that uses hydrogen as the primary means of energy storage was theorized by geneticist J. B. S. Haldane in 1923. Anticipating the exhaustion of Britain's coal reserves for power generation, Haldane proposed a network of wind turbines to produce hydrogen and oxygen for long-term energy storage through electrolysis, to help address renewable power's variable output. [15]
Methanol can also be produced at atmospheric pressure from CO 2 by catalytic hydrogenation of CO 2 with H 2 [22] where the hydrogen has been obtained from water electrolysis. This is the process used by Carbon Recycling International of Iceland. Methanol may also be produced through CO 2 electrochemical reduction, if electrical power is ...