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Inside the column, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and condensation of the upflowing vapors thereby increasing the efficiency of the distillation column. The more reflux provided for a given number of theoretical plates, the better is the column's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Conversely ...
It is used in combination with a reflux condenser and a distillation flask for the separation of water from liquids. This may be a continuous removal of the water that is produced during a chemical reaction performed at reflux temperature, such as in esterification reactions. The original setup by Julius Marcusson (invented in 1905) was refined ...
A Perkin triangle is a specialized apparatus for the distillation of air-sensitive materials. It is named after William Henry Perkin Jr. , whose design was approximately triangular . [ citation needed ] The diagram shows a more modern version, in which the glass taps have been replaced with more air-tight Teflon taps.
Distillation setup using a retort and tube condenser, from a 1921 book. [5] The simplest type of condenser is a straight tube, cooled only by the surrounding air. The tube is held in a vertical or oblique position, and the vapor is fed through the upper end. The heat of condensation is carried away by convection.
The azeotrope is easily broken in a distillation set-up by using a liquid–liquid separator (a decanter) to separate the two liquid layers that are condensed overhead. Only one of the two liquid layers is refluxed to the distillation set-up. High boiling azeotropes, such as a 20 percent by weight mixture of hydrochloric acid in water, also ...
Vacuum/gas manifold setup: 1 inert gas in, 2 inert gas out (to bubbler), 3 vacuum (to cold traps) 4 reaction line, 5 Teflon tap to gas, 6 Teflon tap to vacuum Vacuum/gas manifold setup: 1 inert gas in, 2 inert gas out (to bubbler), 3 vacuum (to cold traps), 4 reaction line, 5 double oblique stopcock (i.e. a glass tap with 2 separate parallel ...
For the binary distillation depicted in Figure 1, the required number of theoretical plates is 6. Constructing a McCabe–Thiele diagram is not always straightforward. In continuous distillation with a varying reflux ratio, the mole fraction of the lighter component in the top part of the distillation column will decrease as the reflux ratio ...
Flat-bottomed flask: A flask with similar uses as the round-bottom flask, but with a flat bottom that allows it to stand on a level surface.; Florence flask: A flask similar to the flat-bottomed flask that has round bodies and either a round bottom or a flat bottom so that one can stand the flask on a level surface.