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  2. Limescale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limescale

    Limescale is a hard, chalky deposit, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3). It often builds up inside kettles , boilers , and pipework, especially that for hot water. It is also often found as a similar deposit on the inner surfaces of old pipes and other surfaces where hard water has flowed.

  3. Fouling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouling

    Limescale buildup inside a pipe reduces liquid flow through the pipe and reduces thermal conduction from the liquid to the outer pipe shell. Both effects will reduce the pipe's overall thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger. Extreme boiler pipe scale buildup Temperature dependence of the solubility of calcium sulfate (3 phases) in ...

  4. Descaling agent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descaling_agent

    Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.

  5. Water softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

    Limescale buildup in a PVC pipe. The presence of certain metal ions like calcium and magnesium, principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates, in water causes a variety of problems. [1] Hard water leads to the buildup of limescale, which can foul plumbing, and promote galvanic corrosion. [2]

  6. How to Clean a Shower Head (And Why You Really Need To) - AOL

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/clean-shower-head-why...

    “Over time, shower heads can develop calcium, limescale, and other mineral buildups from hard water,” explains Vera Peterson, president of Molly Maid. “The mineral buildup creates a blockage ...

  7. Aging, thin pipe likely cause of Philadelphia refinery fire - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/aging-thin-pipe-likely-cause...

    An aging, failed elbow pipe that hadn't been inspected in almost 45 years appears to be the initial cause of a June 21 fire and subsequent explosions that injured five people at the largest oil ...

  8. Boiler feedwater - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_feedwater

    Extreme boiler scale buildup Limescale buildup inside a pipe both reduces liquid flow through the pipe, as well as reduces thermal conduction from the liquid to the outer pipe shell. Both effects will reduce the pipe's overall thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger. Boiler feedwater is the water which is supplied to a boiler.

  9. Some cities are digging up water mains and leaving lead pipe ...

    www.aol.com/news/cities-digging-water-mains...

    The pipe carrying water to their home was made of it, too. Providence’s tap water had had dangerous lead levels for years. Around the country, utilities have been leaving lead pipe in the ground ...