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Arc length is the distance ... Since it is straightforward to calculate the length of ... The mapping that transforms from polar coordinates to rectangular ...
The determination of the arc length of arcs of the lemniscate leads to elliptic integrals, as was discovered in the eighteenth century. Around 1800, the elliptic functions inverting those integrals were studied by C. F. Gauss (largely unpublished at the time, but allusions in the notes to his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae ).
The lemniscate sine relates the arc length to the x coordinate in the rectangular elastica. The inverse lemniscate sine also describes the arc length s relative to the x coordinate of the rectangular elastica. [36] This curve has y coordinate and arc length:
The complex number z can be represented in rectangular form as = + where i is the imaginary unit, or can alternatively be written in polar form as = ( + ) and from there, by Euler's formula, [14] as = = . where e is Euler's number, and φ, expressed in radians, is the principal value of the complex number function arg applied to x + iy ...
In practical applications it is often small: for example the triangles of geodetic survey typically have a spherical excess much less than 1' of arc. [14] On the Earth the excess of an equilateral triangle with sides 21.3 km (and area 393 km 2) is approximately 1 arc second. There are many formulae for the excess.
The arc length, from the familiar geometry of a circle, is = The area a of the circular segment is equal to the area of the circular sector minus the area of the triangular portion (using the double angle formula to get an equation in terms of ):
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The lemniscate of Bernoulli and its two foci. In algebraic geometry, a lemniscate (/ l ɛ m ˈ n ɪ s k ɪ t / or / ˈ l ɛ m n ɪ s ˌ k eɪ t,-k ɪ t /) [1] is any of several figure-eight or ∞-shaped curves.