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  2. Electron density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_density

    Electron density calculated for aniline, high density values indicate atom positions, intermediate density values emphasize bonding, low values provide information on a molecule's shape and size. where P is the density matrix .

  3. Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_nonmetals...

    The solid form (density 0.85 g/cm 3; cf. lithium 0.534) has a hexagonal crystalline structure and is soft and easily crushed. Nitrogen is an insulator in all of its forms. It has a high ionisation energy (1402.3 kJ/mol), low electron affinity (–6.75 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (3.04).

  4. Densities of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements...

    New York: The International Nickel Company, Inc., 1941: 16. — "Values ranging from 21.3 to 21.5 gm/cm 3 at 20 °C have been reported for the density of annealed platinum; the best value being about 21.45 gm/cm 3 at 20 °C." 21.46 g/cm 3 — Rose, T. Kirke. The Precious Metals, Comprising Gold, Silver and Platinum. New York: D. Van Nostrand ...

  5. Landau levels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_levels

    The effects of Landau levels may only be observed when the mean thermal energy kT is smaller than the energy level separation, , meaning low temperatures and strong magnetic fields. Each Landau level is degenerate because of the second quantum number k y {\displaystyle k_{y}} , which can take the values k y = 2 π N L y , {\displaystyle k_{y ...

  6. Electronegativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity

    Electronegativity, symbolized as χ, is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. [1] An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus.

  7. Wigner crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner_crystal

    The origin of the large r s is partly due to the suppressed kinetic energy arising from a strong electron phonon interaction which leads to polaronic band narrowing, and partly due to the low carrier density n at low temperatures. The charge density wave (CDW) state in such materials, such as 1T-TaS 2, with a sparsely filled √13x√13 ...

  8. Fermi energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_energy

    Under the free electron model, the electrons in a metal can be considered to form a Fermi gas.The number density / of conduction electrons in metals ranges between approximately 10 28 and 10 29 electrons/m 3, which is also the typical density of atoms in ordinary solid matter.

  9. Ionosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere

    It is the layer with the highest electron density, which implies signals penetrating this layer will escape into space. Electron production is dominated by extreme ultraviolet (UV, 10–100 nm) radiation ionizing atomic oxygen.