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An accessory muscle can also refer to a muscle that is not primarily responsible for movement but does provide assistance. [1] Examples of such muscles are the accessory muscles of respiration where the sternocleidomastoid and the scalene muscles (anterior, middle and posterior scalene) are typically considered accessory muscles of respiration. [6]
Accessory muscles of respiration are muscles that assist, but do not play a primary role, in breathing. Use of these while at rest is often interpreted as a sign of respiratory distress . [ 3 ] There is no definitive list of accessory muscles, but the sternocleidomastoid and the scalenes (anterior, middle, and posterior) are typically included ...
The anterior and middle scalene muscles lift the first rib and bend the neck to the same side as the acting muscle; [3] the posterior scalene lifts the second rib and tilts the neck to the same side. Because they elevate the upper ribs, they also act as accessory muscles of respiration, along with the sternocleidomastoids.
In addition, the "accessory muscles of inhalation" exaggerate the actions of the intercostal muscles (Fig. 8). These accessory muscles of inhalation are muscles that extend from the cervical vertebrae and base of the skull to the upper ribs and sternum, sometimes through an intermediary attachment to the clavicles. [6]
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Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in parts of the body where it conveys action without conscious intent. The majority of this type of muscle tissue is found in the digestive and urinary systems where it acts by propelling forward food, chyme, and feces in the former and urine in the latter.
The red muscle is aerobic and needs oxygen which is supplied by myoglobin. The white muscle is anaerobic and it does not need oxygen. Red muscles are used for sustained activity such as cruising at slow speeds on ocean migrations. White muscles are used for bursts of activity, such as jumping or sudden bursts of speed for catching prey. [45]
The accessory nerve is tested by evaluating the function of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. [8] The trapezius muscle is tested by asking the patient to shrug their shoulders with and without resistance. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is tested by asking the patient to turn their head to the left or right against resistance. [8]