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Chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants. [185] Mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move. [186] In higher plants, chloroplast movement is run by phototropins, blue light photoreceptors also responsible for plant phototropism.
The zooxanthellae nourish the jellyfish, while the jellyfish protects them, and moves them toward light sources such as the sun to maximize their light-exposure for efficient photosynthesis. In a shadow, the jellyfish can either remain still, or quickly move away in bursts to avoid predation and also re-adjust toward a new light source. [57]
Two sections of chloroplast flow are observed with the aid of a microscope. These sections are arranged helically along the longitudinal axis of the cell. [8] In one section, the chloroplasts move upward along one band of the helix, while in the other, the chloroplasts move downwardly. [8] The area between these sections are known as ...
Chloroplasts responsible for gas exchange in stomata are the last organelles to degrade during senescence, and give plants the green color. [1] The formation of gerontoplasts from chloroplasts during senescence involves extensive structural modifications of the thylakoid membrane with the concomitant formation of a large number of plastoglobuli ...
Chlororespiration basics. Chlororespiration is a respiratory process that takes place within plants. Inside plant cells there is an organelle called the chloroplast which is surrounded by the thylakoid membrane.
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose chloroplasts in organisms that underwent secondary endosymbiosis , such as the euglenids and ...
This process is in contrast to passive transport, which allows molecules or ions to move down their concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without energy. Active transport is essential for various physiological processes, such as nutrient uptake, hormone secretion, and nerve impulse transmission.
This creates a H + gradient, making H + ions flow back into the stroma of the chloroplast, providing the energy for the (re)generation of ATP. [citation needed] The photosystem II complex replaced its lost electrons from H 2 O, so electrons are not returned to photosystem II as they would in the analogous cyclic pathway. Instead, they are ...