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Identifying and predicting sequences which have the capacity to form quadruplexes is an important tool in further understanding their role. Generally, a simple pattern match is used for searching for possible intrastrand quadruplex forming sequences: d(G 3+ N 1-7 G 3+ N 1-7 G 3+ N 1-7 G 3+), where N is any nucleotide base (including guanine). [78]
[1] [2] They most prominently contribute to the structure of G-quadruplexes, where their hydrogen bonding stabilizes the structure. [3] [4] Usually, there are at least two guanine tetrads in a G-quadruplex, and they often feature Hoogsteen-style hydrogen bonding. [1] Guanine tetrads are formed by sequences rich in guanine, such as GGGGC. [5]
G-quadruplexes, also known as G4 DNA are secondary structures found in nucleic acids that are rich in guanine. [1] These structures are normally located at the telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes). The G-quadruplex can either be parallel or antiparallel depending on the loop configuration, which is a component of the structure.
It is possible that these sequence stretches form G-quadruplex like structures, which can suppress the expression of the related genes. The complementary cytosine rich sequences, on the other strand, may adopt another similar four stranded structure, the i-motif, stabilized by cytosine:cytosine non-canonical base pairs.
DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, while a mutation is a change in the sequence of base pairs. DNA damages cause changes in the structure of the genetic material and prevents the replication mechanism from functioning and performing properly. [1]
An individual motif usually consists of only a few elements, e.g., the 'helix-turn-helix' motif which has just three. Note that, while the spatial sequence of elements may be identical in all instances of a motif, they may be encoded in any order within the underlying gene. In addition to secondary structural elements, protein structural motifs ...
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Hoogsteen pointed out that if the alternative hydrogen-bonding patterns were present in DNA, then the double helix would have to assume a quite different shape. Hoogsteen base pairs are observed in alternative structures such as the four-stranded G-quadruplex structures that form in DNA and RNA.