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Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...
In cryptography, PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, ...
In cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. [1] Salting helps defend against attacks that use precomputed tables (e.g. rainbow tables), by vastly growing the size of table needed for a successful attack.
When someone requests access, the password they submit is hashed and compared with the stored value. If the database is stolen (an all-too-frequent occurrence [28]), the thief will only have the hash values, not the passwords. Passwords may still be retrieved by an attacker from the hashes, because most people choose passwords in predictable ways.
Argon2 is a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition. [1] [2] It was designed by Alex Biryukov, Daniel Dinu, and Dmitry Khovratovich from the University of Luxembourg. [3]
Passwords or passphrases created by humans are often short or predictable enough to allow password cracking, and key stretching is intended to make such attacks more difficult by complicating a basic step of trying a single password candidate. Key stretching also improves security in some real-world applications where the key length has been ...
OpenDocument encryption used in OpenOffice.org; WinZip's AES Encryption scheme. [3] [4] Keeper for password hashing. [5] LastPass for password hashing. [6] [7] 1Password for password hashing. [8] Enpass for password hashing. [9] Dashlane for password hashing. [10] [11] Bitwarden for password hashing. [12] Standard Notes for password hashing. [13]
In cryptography, a pepper is a secret added to an input such as a password during hashing with a cryptographic hash function.This value differs from a salt in that it is not stored alongside a password hash, but rather the pepper is kept separate in some other medium, such as a Hardware Security Module. [1]