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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM; latest edition: DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022 [ 1]) is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a common language and standard criteria. It is the main book for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders ...
Specialty. Neurology. Disorder of written expression is a type of learning disability in which a person's writing ability falls substantially below normally expected range based on the individual's age, educational background, and measured intelligence. Poor writing skills must interfere significantly with academic progress or daily activities ...
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder ( CPTSD, sometimes hyphenated C-PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas, [ 1] i.e., commonly prolonged or repetitive exposures to a series of traumatic events, within which individuals perceive little or no chance to escape. [ 2][ 3][ 4]
Cognitive processing therapy ( CPT) is a manualized therapy used by clinicians to help people recover from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related conditions. [ 1] It includes elements of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatments, one of the most widely used evidence-based therapies. [ 2] A typical 12-session run of CPT has proven ...
Dyslexia. Dyslexia, previously known as word blindness, is a learning disability ('learning difficulty' in the UK [ 6]) that affects either reading or writing. [ 1][ 7] Different people are affected to different degrees. [ 3] Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head ...
Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder (DSM-IV 315.32) [ 1] is a communication disorder in which both the receptive and expressive areas of communication may be affected in any degree, from mild to severe. [ 2] Children with this disorder have difficulty understanding words and sentences. This impairment is classified by deficiencies in ...
Orthographic Dyslexia. Orthographic dyslexia, a subtype of dyslexia, results in difficulty decoding and encoding skills due to slow and inaccurate rates of storing word and letter formations into memory. Orthographic dyslexics have difficulty in storing mental representation of words, especially phonetically irregular words such as word ...
Definition. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke defines reading disability or dyslexia as follows: "Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. These individuals typically read at levels significantly lower than expected despite having normal intelligence.