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  2. Lens flare - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_flare

    Lens flare on Borobudur stairs to enhance the sense of ascending. A lens flare is often deliberately used to invoke a sense of drama. A lens flare is also useful when added to an artificial or modified image composition because it adds a sense of realism, implying that the image is an un-edited original photograph of a "real life" scene.

  3. Spirit photography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_photography

    Spirit photograph by Édouard Isidore Buguet. Spirit photography (also called ghost photography) is a type of photography whose primary goal is to capture images of ghosts and other spiritual entities, especially in ghost hunting. It dates back to the late 19th century.

  4. Chromatic aberration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration

    Chromatic aberration. Focal length of lens varies with the color of light. In optics, chromatic aberration ( CA ), also called chromatic distortion, color aberration, color fringing, or purple fringing, is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same point. [ 1][ 2] It is caused by dispersion: the refractive index of the lens elements ...

  5. Backscatter (photography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)

    Backscatter (photography) The backscatter of the camera's flash by motes of dust causes unfocused orb-shaped photographic artifacts. In photography, backscatter (also called near-camera reflection [1]) is an optical phenomenon resulting in typically circular artifacts on an image, due to the camera's flash being reflected from unfocused motes ...

  6. Bokeh - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh

    How the bokeh varies with the aperture. In photography, bokeh ( / ˈboʊkə / BOH-kə or / ˈboʊkeɪ / BOH-kay; [ 1 ]Japanese: [boke]) is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in out-of-focus parts of an image, whether foreground or background or both. It is created by using a wide aperture lens.

  7. Lens hood - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_hood

    In photography, a lens hood or lens shade is a device used on the front end of a lens to block the Sun or other light source (s) to prevent glare and lens flare. [1] Lens hoods may also be used to protect the lens from scratches and the elements without having to put on a lens cover. The geometry of a lens hood is dependent on three parameters ...

  8. Red-eye effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eye_effect

    Red-eye effect seen on a teenager. The red-eye effect in photography is the common appearance of red pupils in color photographs of the eyes of humans and several other animals. It occurs when using a photographic flash that is very close to the camera lens (as with most compact cameras) in ambient low light.

  9. Circle of confusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_confusion

    In optics, a circle of confusion (CoC) is an optical spot caused by a cone of light rays from a lens not coming to a perfect focus when imaging a point source. It is also known as disk of confusion, circle of indistinctness, blur circle, or blur spot . In photography, the circle of confusion is used to determine the depth of field, the part of ...