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Research. v. t. e. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of ...
In microeconomics, management and international political economy, vertical integration, also referred to as vertical consolidation, is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products ...
Horizontal transmission is the transmission of organisms between biotic and/or abiotic members of an ecosystem that are not in a parent-progeny relationship. Because the evolutionary fate of the agent is not tied to reproductive success of the host, horizontal transmission tends to evolve virulence. It is therefore a critical concept for ...
Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT) or lateral gene transfer ( LGT) [ 1][ 2][ 3] is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring ( reproduction ). [ 4] HGT is an important factor in the evolution of many organisms. [ 5][ 6] HGT is influencing scientific understanding ...
See Microorganisms article for further explanation. Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between distant branches on the tree of life. In evolution, it can scramble the information needed to reconstruct the phylogeny of organisms, how they are related to one another. HGT can also help scientists to reconstruct and ...
Vertical transmission. Vertical transmission of symbionts is the transfer of a microbial symbiont from the parent directly to the offspring. [1] Many metazoan species carry symbiotic bacteria which play a mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic role. [1] A symbiont is acquired by a host via horizontal, vertical, or mixed transmission.
In medicine, public health, and biology, transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. [ 1 ] The term strictly refers to the transmission of microorganisms directly from one ...
A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses that use mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. It can occur when the mother has a pre-existing disease or becomes infected during pregnancy.