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Parenchyma is a versatile ground tissue that generally constitutes the "filler" tissue in soft parts of plants. It forms, among other things, the cortex (outer region) and pith (central region) of stems, the cortex of roots, the mesophyll of leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds.
The vascular cambium is the main growth tissue in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically in dicots such as buttercups and oak trees, gymnosperms such as pine trees, as well as in certain other vascular plants. It produces secondary xylem inwards, towards the pith, and secondary phloem outwards, towards the bark.
In a vascular plant, the stele is the central part of the root or stem [1] containing the tissues derived from the procambium. These include vascular tissue , in some cases ground tissue ( pith ) and a pericycle , which, if present, defines the outermost boundary of the stele.
The loosely packed cells of root cortex allow movement of water and oxygen in the intercellular spaces. [4] One of the main functions of the root cortex is to serve as a storage area for reserve foods. [4] The innermost layer of the cortex in the roots of vascular plants is the endodermis. The endodermis is responsible for storing starch as ...
Roots are specialized for the uptake of water, nutrients (including ions for proper function). [12] Similar to the endodermis, the exodermis contains very compact cells and is surrounded by a Casparian band, two features which are used to restrict the flow of water to a symplastic fashion (through the cytoplasm) rather than apoplastic fashion which (through the cell wall) flow through passages ...
In dicot root, the vascular cambium is completely secondary in origin, and it originates from a portion of pericycle tissue. [citation needed] The pericycle regulates the formation of lateral roots by rapidly dividing near the xylem elements of the root. [2] It has been known to often be confused with other parts of the plant.
These are typically more elongated in the leaves of monocots than in those of dicots. Diagram of moderate scale leaf anatomy. Trichomes or hairs grow out from the epidermis in many species. In the root epidermis, epidermal hairs termed root hairs are common and are specialized for the absorption of water and mineral nutrients.
Stems of two Roystonea regia palms showing characteristic bulge, leaf scars and fibrous roots, Kolkata, India. Vascular bundles are present throughout the monocot stem, although concentrated towards the outside. This differs from the dicot stem that has a ring of vascular bundles and often none in the center.