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The Stueckelberg extension of the Standard Model (StSM) consists of a gauge invariant kinetic term for a massive U(1) gauge field.Such a term can be implemented into the Lagrangian of the Standard Model without destroying the renormalizability of the theory and further provides a mechanism for mass generation that is distinct from the Higgs mechanism in the context of Abelian gauge theories.
In theoretical physics, scalar electrodynamics is a theory of a U(1) gauge field coupled to a charged spin 0 scalar field that takes the place of the Dirac fermions in "ordinary" quantum electrodynamics. The scalar field is charged, and with an appropriate potential, it has the capacity to break the gauge symmetry via the Abelian Higgs mechanism.
Quantum electrodynamics is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) and has one gauge field, the electromagnetic four-potential, with the photon being the gauge boson. The Standard Model is a non-abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon , three weak bosons ...
US Steel has agreed to be bought by Nippon Steel, Japan’s largest steelmaker, in a $14.1 billion deal. The deal marks the latest step in a gradual decline for the iconic 122-year old company ...
Worthington Steel is a publicly traded (NYSE:WS) steel processing company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio.Worthington Steel is an independent, intermediate processor of carbon flat-rolled steel in the United States, purchasing steel from integrated steel mills and mini-mills and custom processing it in areas such as type, length, width, thickness, shape and surface quality. [1]
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Lone Star Steel Company (acquired by U.S. Steel in 2007) Maanshan Iron & Steel (acquired by China Baowu in 2019) Mittal Steel Company (merged with Arcelor forming ArcelorMittal) National Steel Corporation (acquired by U.S. Steel in 2003) Northwestern Steel and Wire (reorganized and operating as Sterling Steel Company)
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