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  2. Ossification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification

    Bone is broken down by osteoclasts, and rebuilt by osteoblasts, both of which communicate through cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling. Ossification (also called osteogenesis or bone mineralization) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. [1]

  3. Spinal fusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_fusion

    There are many types of spinal fusion and each technique involves using bone grafting—either from the patient , donor , or artificial bone substitutes—to help the bones heal together. [2] Additional hardware (screws, plates, or cages) is often used to hold the bones in place while the graft fuses the two vertebrae together. The placement of ...

  4. Ilizarov apparatus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilizarov_apparatus

    The Ilizarov apparatus is a specialized external fixator of modular construction, composed of rings (stainless steel, titanium) that are transfixed to healthy bone with Kirschner wires and pins of heavy-gauge stainless steel, and immobilised in place with additional rings and threaded rods that are attached with and through adjustable nuts.

  5. Bone remodeling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_remodeling

    Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).

  6. Wound healing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_healing

    17 days. 30 days. Wound healing refers to a living organism's replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue. [ 1 ] In undamaged skin, the epidermis (surface, epithelial layer) and dermis (deeper, connective layer) form a protective barrier against the external environment. When the barrier is broken, a regulated sequence ...

  7. External fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_fixation

    External fixation is a surgical treatment wherein Kirschner pins and wires are inserted and affixed into bone and then exit the body to be attached to an external apparatus composed of rings and threaded rods — the Ilizarov apparatus, the Taylor Spatial Frame, and the Octopod External Fixator — which immobilises the damaged limb to facilitate healing. [1]

  8. Orthopedic plate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopedic_plate

    Orthopedic plate. Orthopedic surgeon making adjustments to a metal plate in a patient's ankle. An orthopedic plate is a form of internal fixation used in orthopaedic surgery to hold fractures in place to allow bone healing [1] and to reduce the possibility of nonunion. Most modern plates include bone screws to help the orthopedic plate stay in ...

  9. Osseointegration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osseointegration

    Osseointegration (from Latin osseus " bony " and integrare "to make whole") is the direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing artificial implant ("load-bearing" as defined by Albrektsson et al. in 1981). A more recent definition (by Schroeder et al.) defines osseointegration as "functional ...

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