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Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.
Dimensional weight is representative of the weight of the package at the minimum density accepted by the freight carrier. [3] Shipping factors are not only different for imperial and metric measurements, but also for shipment mode and in some cases between different customers. Shipping factors will be available from the freight carrier.
To calculate the weight of the displaced water, it is necessary to know its density. Seawater (1,025 kg/m 3) is more dense than fresh water (1,000 kg/m 3); [5] so a ship will ride higher in salt water than in fresh. The density of water also varies with temperature.
In shipping, the stowage factor indicates how many cubic metres of space one tonne (or cubic feet of space one long ton) of a particular type of cargo occupies in a hold of a cargo ship. [1] It is calculated as the ratio of the stowage space required under normal conditions, including the stowage losses caused by the means of transportation and ...
Many shipping services, especially air carriers, use dimensional weight for calculating the price, which takes into account both weight and volume of the cargo. For example, bulk coal long-distance rates in America are approximately 1 cent/ton-mile. [2] So a 100 car train, each carrying 100 tons, over a distance of 1000 miles, would cost $100,000.
Classification is based on an evaluation of four transportation characteristics: density, stowability, handling and risk or liability. Together, these characteristics establish a commodity's "transportability." [2]
The effective mass is used in transport calculations, such as transport of electrons under the influence of fields or carrier gradients, but it also is used to calculate the carrier density and density of states in semiconductors. These masses are related but, as explained in the previous sections, are not the same because the weightings of ...
The gross tonnage calculation is defined in Regulation 3 of Annex 1 of The International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969. [3] It is based on two variables, and is ultimately an increasing one-to-one function of ship volume: