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  2. Extrachromosomal DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA

    Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. [5] The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as bacterial cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. [6] Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research into replication because it is easy to identify ...

  3. Extrachromosomal circular DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_circular_DNA

    Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a type of double-stranded circular DNA structure that was first discovered in 1964 by Alix Bassel and Yasuo Hotta. [1] In contrast to previously identified circular DNA structures (e.g., bacterial plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, circular bacterial chromosomes, or chloroplast DNA), eccDNA are circular DNA found in the eukaryotic nuclei of plant and animal ...

  4. Plasmid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid

    A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms.

  5. Extrachromosomal rDNA circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_rDNA_circle

    Circular extrachromosomal DNA are not only found in yeast but other eukaryotic organisms. [15] [16] A regulated formation of eccDNA in preblastua Xenopus embryos has been developed. The population of circular rDNA is decreased in embryos, indicative of the circular rDNA migrating to linear DNA, as was shown in their analysis on 2D gel ...

  6. Extrachromosomal array - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_array

    An extrachromosomal array is a method for mosaic analysis in genetics. It is a cosmid, and contains two functioning closely linked genes: a gene of interest and a mosaic marker. Such an array is injected into germ line cells, which already contain mutant (specifically, loss of function) alleles of all three genes in their chromosomal DNA.

  7. Double minute - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_minute

    Double minutes (DMs) are small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA, which have been observed in a large number of human tumors including breast, lung, ovary, colon, and most notably, neuroblastoma. They are a manifestation of gene amplification as a result of chromothripsis , [ 1 ] during the development of tumors, which give the cells selective ...

  8. Chromosome 18 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_18

    The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 18. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction).

  9. Mobile genetic elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements

    DNA transposons, LTR retrotransposons, SINEs, and LINEs make up a majority of the human genome. Mobile genetic elements ( MGEs ), sometimes called selfish genetic elements , [ 1 ] are a type of genetic material that can move around within a genome, or that can be transferred from one species or replicon to another.