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where A is the area of a squircle with minor radius r, is the gamma function. A = ( k + 1 ) ( k + 2 ) π r 2 {\displaystyle A=(k+1)(k+2)\pi r^{2}} where A is the area of an epicycloid with the smaller circle of radius r and the larger circle of radius kr ( k ∈ N {\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} } ), assuming the initial point lies on the ...
The Unicode Standard encodes almost all standard characters used in mathematics. [1] Unicode Technical Report #25 provides comprehensive information about the character repertoire, their properties, and guidelines for implementation. [1]
A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1]
The number π (/ p aɪ /; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to 3.14159. The number π appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics .
Euler's identity asserts that is equal to −1. The expression e i π {\displaystyle e^{i\pi }} is a special case of the expression e z {\displaystyle e^{z}} , where z is any complex number . In general, e z {\displaystyle e^{z}} is defined for complex z by extending one of the definitions of the exponential function from real exponents to ...
3. Between two groups, may mean that the second one is a proper subgroup of the first one. ≤ 1. Means "less than or equal to". That is, whatever A and B are, A ≤ B is equivalent to A < B or A = B. 2. Between two groups, may mean that the first one is a subgroup of the second one. ≥ 1. Means "greater than or equal to".
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((x),(y) = {239, 13 2} is a solution to the Pell equation x 2 − 2 y 2 = −1.) Formulae of this kind are known as Machin-like formulae . Machin's particular formula was used well into the computer era for calculating record numbers of digits of π , [ 39 ] but more recently other similar formulae have been used as well.