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During the Kojiki and Nihonshoki periods the tanka retained a well defined form, but the history of the mutations of the tanka itself forms an important chapter in haiku history, [7] until the modern revival of tanka began with several poets who began to publish literary magazines, gathering their friends and disciples as contributors.
In the time of the Man'yōshū (compiled after 759 AD), the term "tanka" was used to distinguish "short poems" from the longer chōka (長歌, "long poems").In the ninth and tenth centuries, however, notably with the compilation of the Kokin Wakashū, the short poem became the dominant form of poetry in Japan, and the originally general word waka (和歌, "Japanese poem") became the standard ...
[a] Sometimes they are written in the three-line, seventeen-syllable haiku form, although the most common type of death poem (called a jisei 辞世) is in the waka form called the tanka (also called a jisei-ei 辞世詠) which consists of five lines totaling 31 syllables (5-7-5-7-7)—a form that constitutes over half of surviving death poems ...
The haiku form that had appeared by the 17th century also derives from the tanka, reduced to 17 syllables: 5-7-5. [9] Gaston Renondeau noted that the haikai form "enjoyed an unparallelled vogue from the end of the 15th century". [e] [9] The production of haikai has continued into modern times.
Shiki is regarded as a major figure in the development of modern haiku poetry, [3] credited with writing nearly 20,000 stanzas during his short life. [4] He also wrote on reform of tanka poetry. [5] Some consider Shiki to be one of the four great haiku masters, the others being Matsuo Bashō, Yosa Buson, and Kobayashi Issa. [6] [7]
As models for his pupils, he singled out four of Bashō's disciples: Kikaku, Kyorai, Ransetsu, and Sodō. [9] In 1770, he assumed the haigō (俳号, haiku pen name) of Yahantei II (夜半亭 二世, "Midnight Studio"), which had been the pen name of his teacher Hajin. Buson died at the age of 68 and was buried at Konpuku-ji temple in Kyoto.
The modern form, known as American cinquain [1] [2] is inspired by Japanese haiku and tanka [3] [4] and is akin in spirit to that of the Imagists. [5] In her 1915 collection titled Verse, published a year after her death, Adelaide Crapsey included 28 cinquains. [6] Crapsey's American Cinquain form developed in two stages.
Santōka Taneda (種田 山頭火, Taneda Santōka, December 3, 1882 – October 11, 1940) was the pen-name of Shōichi Taneda (種田 正一, Taneda Shōichi), a Japanese author and haiku poet. He is known for his free verse haiku—a style which does not conform to the formal rules of traditional haiku.