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The number of perfect numbers less than n is less than , where c > 0 is a constant. [53] In fact it is (), using little-o notation. [54] Every even perfect number ends in 6 or 28, base ten; and, with the only exception of 6, ends in 1 in base 9.
So, 6 is a perfect number because the proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. [2] [4] There is a one-to-one correspondence between the Mersenne primes and the even perfect numbers, but it is unknown whether there exist odd perfect numbers. This is due to the Euclid–Euler theorem, partially proved by Euclid and completed by ...
For example, successively searching through integers 1, 2, 3, … to see if we can find an example of some phenomenon—say an odd perfect number—it is quite easy to write a partially correct program (see box). But to say this program is totally correct would be to assert something currently not known in number theory.
Perfect and superperfect numbers are examples of the wider class of m-superperfect numbers, which satisfy =, corresponding to m = 1 and 2 respectively. For m ≥ 3 there are no even m-superperfect numbers. [1] The m-superperfect numbers are in turn examples of (m,k)-perfect numbers which satisfy [3]
a perfect number equals the sum of its proper divisors; that is, s(n) = n; an abundant number is lesser than the sum of its proper divisors; that is, s(n) > n; a highly abundant number has a sum of positive divisors that is greater than any lesser number; that is, σ(n) > σ(m) for every positive integer m < n.
The parity-check matrix of a Hamming code is constructed by listing all columns of length r that are non-zero, which means that the dual code of the Hamming code is the shortened Hadamard code, also known as a Simplex code. The parity-check matrix has the property that any two columns are pairwise linearly independent.
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In number theory, a narcissistic number [1] [2] (also known as a pluperfect digital invariant (PPDI), [3] an Armstrong number [4] (after Michael F. Armstrong) [5] or a plus perfect number) [6] in a given number base is a number that is the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits.