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In physical oceanography, Langmuir circulation consists of a series of shallow, slow, counter-rotating vortices at the ocean's surface aligned with the wind. These circulations are developed when wind blows steadily over the sea surface.
The beginning of Langmuir probe theory is the I–V characteristic of the Debye sheath, that is, the current density flowing to a surface in a plasma as a function of the voltage drop across the sheath.
In fluid dynamics, the Craik–Leibovich (CL) vortex force describes a forcing of the mean flow through wave–current interaction, specifically between the Stokes drift velocity and the mean-flow vorticity. The CL vortex force is used to explain the generation of Langmuir circulations by an instability mechanism.
In fluid dynamics, and oceanography, Langmuir turbulence is a turbulent flow with coherent Langmuir circulation structures that exist and evolve over a range of spatial and temporal scales. [1] These structures arise through an interaction between the ocean surface waves and the currents.
For electrons, the current density J (amperes per meter squared) is written: = = /. where is the anode current and S the surface area of the anode receiving the current; is the magnitude of the charge of the electron and is its mass. The equation is also known as the "three-halves-power law" or the Child–Langmuir law.
A ball-pen probe [1] is a modified Langmuir probe used to measure the plasma potential [2] in magnetized plasmas. The ball-pen probe balances the electron and ion saturation currents, so that its floating potential is equal to the plasma potential.
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This equation is known as Child's law, after Clement D. Child (1868–1933), who first published it in 1911, or as the Child–Langmuir law, honoring as well Irving Langmuir, who discovered it independently and published in 1913. It was first used to give the space-charge-limited current in a vacuum diode with electrode spacing d.