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Marine botany is the study of flowering vascular plant species and marine algae that live in shallow seawater of the open ocean and the littoral zone, along shorelines of the intertidal zone, coastal wetlands, and low-salinity brackish water of estuaries. It is a branch of marine biology and botany.
They are the only flowering plants that live in the ocean. Seagrasses are flowering plants (angiosperms) which grow in marine environments. They evolved from terrestrial plants which migrated back into the ocean about 75 to 100 million years ago. [1] [2] In the present day they occupy the sea bottom in shallow and sheltered coastal waters ...
Elodeids: stem plants that complete their entire lifecycle submerged, or with only their flowers above the waterline; Isoetids: rosette plants that complete their entire lifecycle submerged; Helophytes: plants rooted in the bottom, but with leaves above the waterline; Nymphaeids: plants rooted in the bottom, but with leaves floating on the ...
Seagrasses then evolved from terrestrial plants which migrated back into the ocean. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Between about 70 million and 100 million years ago, three independent seagrass lineages ( Hydrocharitaceae , Cymodoceaceae complex, and Zosteraceae ) evolved from a single lineage of the monocotyledonous flowering plants.
Organisms here, known as bottom dwellers, generally live in close relationship with the substrate and many are permanently attached to the bottom. The benthic boundary layer , which includes the bottom layer of water and the uppermost layer of sediment directly influenced by the overlying water, is an integral part of the benthic zone, as it ...
Marine life, sea life or ocean life is the collective ecological communities that encompass all aquatic animals, plants, algae, fungi, protists, single-celled microorganisms and associated viruses living in the saline water of marine habitats, either the sea water of marginal seas and oceans, or the brackish water of coastal wetlands, lagoons ...
The seabed (also known as the seafloor, sea floor, ocean floor, and ocean bottom) is the bottom of the ocean. All floors of the ocean are known as 'seabeds'. The structure of the seabed of the global ocean is governed by plate tectonics. Most of the ocean is very deep, where the seabed is known as the abyssal plain. Seafloor spreading creates ...
The ocean zones can be grouped by light penetration into (from top to bottom): the photic zone, the mesopelagic zone and the aphotic deep ocean zone: The photic zone is defined to be "the depth at which light intensity is only 1% of the surface value".