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  2. Summation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation

    For example, summation of [1, 2, 4, 2] is denoted 1 + 2 + 4 + 2, and results in 9, that is, 1 + 2 + 4 + 2 = 9. Because addition is associative and commutative, there is no need for parentheses, and the result is the same irrespective of the order of the summands. Summation of a sequence of only one summand results in the summand itself.

  3. Summation by parts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation_by_parts

    In mathematics, summation by parts transforms the summation of products of sequences into other summations, often simplifying the computation or (especially) estimation of certain types of sums. It is also called Abel's lemma or Abel transformation , named after Niels Henrik Abel who introduced it in 1826.

  4. Law of total probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_probability

    The term law of total probability is sometimes taken to mean the law of alternatives, which is a special case of the law of total probability applying to discrete random variables. [ citation needed ] One author uses the terminology of the "Rule of Average Conditional Probabilities", [ 4 ] while another refers to it as the "continuous law of ...

  5. Sum of normally distributed random variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_of_normally...

    This means that the sum of two independent normally distributed random variables is normal, with its mean being the sum of the two means, and its variance being the sum of the two variances (i.e., the square of the standard deviation is the sum of the squares of the standard deviations). [1]

  6. List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logarithmic_identities

    These are the three main logarithm laws/rules/principles, [3] from which the other properties listed above can be proven. Each of these logarithm properties correspond to their respective exponent law, and their derivations/proofs will hinge on those facts. There are multiple ways to derive/prove each logarithm law – this is just one possible ...

  7. Sums of powers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sums_of_powers

    In mathematics and statistics, sums of powers occur in a number of contexts: . Sums of squares arise in many contexts. For example, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem involves the sum of two squares; in number theory, there are Legendre's three-square theorem and Jacobi's four-square theorem; and in statistics, the analysis of variance involves summing the squares of quantities.

  8. Law (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, a law is a formula that is always true within a given context. [1] Laws describe a relationship, between two or more expressions or terms (which may contain variables), usually using equality or inequality, [2] or between formulas themselves, for instance, in mathematical logic.

  9. Proofs involving the addition of natural numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_involving_the...

    We prove associativity by first fixing natural numbers a and b and applying induction on the natural number c.. For the base case c = 0, (a + b) + 0 = a + b = a + (b + 0)Each equation follows by definition [A1]; the first with a + b, the second with b.