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Classification of brainstem gliomas by MRI appearance. Histopathology of a brainstem glioma. A brainstem glioma is a cancerous glioma tumor in the brainstem.Around 75% are diagnosed in children and young adults under the age of twenty, but have been known to affect older adults as well. [1]
The symptoms depend on the cause of the blockage, the person's age, and how much brain tissue has been damaged by the swelling. [11] In infants with hydrocephalus, CSF builds up in the central nervous system (CNS), causing the fontanelle (soft spot) to bulge and the head to be larger than expected. Early symptoms may also include: [11]
Cerebral edema is a potentially life-threatening complication of severely decreased sodium ion concentration in the blood (hyponatremia). [17] Ionic brain edema can also occur around the sites of brain hemorrhages, infarcts, or contusions due to a local plasma osmolality pressure gradient when compared to the high osmolality in the affected tissue.
Symptoms of a brainstem stroke frequently include sudden vertigo and ataxia, with or without weakness. Brainstem stroke can also cause diplopia, slurred speech and decreased level of consciousness. A more serious outcome is locked-in syndrome. [citation needed]
Edema, or swelling, of the brain may occur which increases intracranial pressure and may result in brain herniation. A stroke may result in coma or death if it involves key areas of the brain. [14] Other symptoms of cerebrovascular disease include migraines, seizures, epilepsy, or cognitive decline.
The most frequent initial symptoms of Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis are drowsiness, gait disturbances, and diplopia. Throughout the course of the disorder, almost every patient develops ataxia and external ophthalmoplegia. Most patients have disturbances of consciousness such as stupor, drowsiness, or coma.
Of those who have residual symptoms after PRES, this is attributable largely to hemorrhage. [1] [4] Non-resolution of MRI abnormalities has been linked with poorer outcomes. [4] The presence of brain hemorrhage and cytotoxic edema (brain edema with concomittant brain tissue damage) is also associated with a poor prognosis. [2]
In children, numerous nonspecific signs and symptoms may be present. [7] The increased pressure leads to compression and traction of the cranial nerves, a group of nerves that arise from the brain stem and supply the face and neck. Most commonly, the abducens nerve (sixth nerve) is involved. This nerve supplies the muscle that pulls the eye ...