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LEDES 1998, the first "LEDES" format, created in 1998, but no longer in use. The format does not appear on www.LEDES.org. LEDES 1998B, a pipe-delimited plain text file. The standard was adopted in 1998, and it is the more commonly used LEDES format in the US. It lacks flexibility, having a rigid structure, and does not support taxes on legal fees.
Records are submitted to the individual courts using the Federal Judiciary's Case Management/Electronic Case Files (CM/ECF) system, usually as Portable Document Format (PDF) formatted files using the courts' electronic court filing (e-filing) system. Each court maintains its own databases with case information.
The Preview application can display PDF files, as can version 2.0 and later of the Safari web browser. System-level support for PDF allows macOS applications to create PDF documents automatically, provided they support the OS-standard printing architecture. The files are then exported in PDF 1.3 format according to the file header.
PDF is a standard for encoding documents in an "as printed" form that is portable between systems. However, the suitability of a PDF file for archival preservation depends on options chosen when the PDF is created: most notably, whether to embed the necessary fonts for rendering the document; whether to use encryption; and whether to preserve additional information from the original document ...
Bates numbering is commonly used as an organizational method to label and identify legal documents. Nearly all American law firms use Bates stamps, though the use of manual hand-stamping is becoming increasingly rare because of the rise in electronic numbering, mostly in Portable Document Format (PDF) files rather than printed material.
Other file types may be encapsulated inside PDF files, e.g. audio files in MP3 format, or video files. CM/ECF plans to require PDF/A compliant files to meet the requirements of the National Archives and Records Administration. Each court will set its own deadline for requiring documents to be filed in the PDF/A format. No warning period is planned.
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Code of Ur-Nammu, setting forth the legal system that governed Ur in the third millennium BCE. A legal system is a set of legal norms and institutions and processes by which those norms are applied, often within a particular jurisdiction or community. [1] [2] It may also be referred to as a legal order. [3]