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The Quraysh (Arabic: قُرَيْشٍ) were an Arab tribe who controlled Mecca before the rise of Islam. Their members were divided into ten main clans, most notably including the Banu Hashim , into which Islam's founding prophet Muhammad was born.
Some scholars postulate that in pre-Islamic Arabia, including in Mecca, [27] Allah was considered to be a deity, [27] possibly a creator deity or a supreme deity in a polytheistic pantheon. [28] [29] The word Allah (from the Arabic al-ilah meaning "the god") [30] may have been used as a title rather than a name.
The conquest of Mecca (Arabic: فَتْحُ مَكَّةَ Fatḥu Makkah, alternatively, "liberation of Mecca") was a military campaign undertaken by Muhammad and his companions during the Muslim–Quraysh War. They led the early Muslims in an advance on the Quraysh-controlled city of Mecca in December 629 or January 630 [4] [5] (10–20 ...
The early Muslim–Meccan conflict refer to a series of raids in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions participated. The raids were generally offensive [1] and carried out to gather intelligence or seize back the confiscated Muslim trade goods of caravans financed by the Mushrik of the Quraysh.
In Arabian mythology, Hubal (Arabic: هُبَل) was a god worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia, notably by the Quraysh at the Kaaba in Mecca. The god's icon was a human figure believed to control acts of divination, which was performed by tossing arrows before the statue. The direction in which the arrows pointed answered questions asked to Hubal.
In 622, the Islamic prophet Muhammad arrived at Yathrib from Mecca and reportedly established a pact between the conflicting parties. [2] [7] [8] While the city found itself at war with Muhammad's native Meccan tribe of the Quraysh, tensions between the growing numbers of Muslims and the Jewish communities mounted. [6]
According to Bleeker, the term taḥannuth has been interpreted in several ways. [1] Traditionally, taḥannuth means spending time in seclusion, as practiced by the Quraysh, the chief tribe of Mecca in the 6th and 7th century, and the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who each year spend time in isolation at mount Hira', where he also received his revelations. [2]
Mecca has been referred to by many names. As with many Arabic words, its etymology is obscure. [24] Widely believed to be a synonym for Makkah, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein, while Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the Ka'bah.