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Skin flora, also called skin microbiota, refers to microbiota (communities of microorganisms) that reside on the skin, typically human skin. Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1,000 species upon human skin from nineteen phyla. [1] [2] Most are found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles.
Urinalysis, a portmanteau of the words urine and analysis, [1] is a panel of medical tests that includes physical (macroscopic) examination of the urine, chemical evaluation using urine test strips, and microscopic examination.
It is part of the skin flora of humans, [3] and its largest populations are usually found at the axillae, perineum, and inguinal areas. [4] S. haemolyticus also colonizes primates and domestic animals. [4] It is a well-known opportunistic pathogen, and is the second-most frequently isolated CoNS (S. epidermidis is the first). [5]
Staphylococcus saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. [citation needed]
Uncontaminated urine samples are difficult to obtain without urinary catheterization due to the proximity of the urinary system to genitals and the GI tract. This is especially a problem for female patients, who are often uninformed about proper clean-catch urine collection procedure or the significance of skin flora in urinary cultures.
Staphylococcus schleiferi is recognized as commensal microflora on the skin of humans and animals like many other Staphylococci species. [30] It is more commonly recognized as a veterinary pathogen affecting household pets; in particular, S. schleiferi has been isolated from healthy dogs as well as dogs with skin and ear infections. [5]
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A urine test is any medical test performed on a urine specimen. The analysis of urine is a valuable diagnostic tool because its composition reflects the functioning of many body systems, particularly the kidneys and urinary system , and specimens are easy to obtain. [ 1 ]