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Skin flora, also called skin microbiota, refers to microbiota (communities of microorganisms) that reside on the skin, typically human skin. Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1,000 species upon human skin from nineteen phyla. [1] [2] Most are found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles.
Staphylococcus saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. [citation needed]
It is part of the skin flora of humans, [3] and its largest populations are usually found at the axillae, perineum, and inguinal areas. [4] S. haemolyticus also colonizes primates and domestic animals. [4] It is a well-known opportunistic pathogen, and is the second-most frequently isolated CoNS (S. epidermidis is the first). [5]
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. [1] It is part of the normal human microbiota, typically the skin microbiota, and less commonly the mucosal microbiota and also found in marine sponges.
Uncontaminated urine samples are difficult to obtain without urinary catheterization due to the proximity of the urinary system to genitals and the GI tract. This is especially a problem for female patients, who are often uninformed about proper clean-catch urine collection procedure or the significance of skin flora in urinary cultures.
Skin Bacillus spp Skin Candida albicans: Skin Candida parapsilosis: Skin Corynebacterium parvum: Skin Corynebacterium spp Skin Cutibacterium acnes: Skin Demodex folliculorum: Skin Enterobacter cloacae: Skin Epidermophyton floccosum: Skin Malassezia ovale: Skin Micrococcus luteus: Skin Micrococcus spp Skin Mycobacterium spp Skin Neisseria spp ...
Staphylococcus schleiferi is a Gram-positive, cocci-shaped bacterium of the family Staphylococcaceae. [1] It is facultatively anaerobic, coagulase-variable, and can be readily cultured on blood agar where the bacterium tends to form opaque, non-pigmented colonies and beta (β) hemolysis. [2]
Staphylococcus warneri is a member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus, consisting of Gram-positive bacteria with spherical cells appearing in clusters. It is catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, and coagulase-negative, and is a common commensal organism found as part of the skin flora on humans and animals.
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