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  2. European witchcraft - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft

    European belief in witchcraft can be traced back to classical antiquity, when magic and religion were closely entwined. During the pagan era of ancient Rome , there were laws against harmful magic. After Christianization , the medieval Catholic Church began to see witchcraft ( maleficium ) as a blend of black magic and apostasy involving a pact ...

  3. Medieval European magic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_European_magic

    Medieval Europe also saw magic come to be associated with the Old Testament figure of Solomon; various grimoires, or books outlining magical practices, were written that claimed to have been written by Solomon, most notably the Key of Solomon. [11] In early medieval Europe, magia was a term of condemnation. [12]

  4. Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunning_Folk_and_Familiar...

    The first part of Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits is devoted to a historical examination of the professional cunning folk and accused witches of Early Modern Britain, with a particular focus on the beliefs in familiar spirits that they held to; according to Wilby, this serves the purpose of "illustrat[ing] in some detail, the event-pattern ...

  5. Witch (archetype) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_(archetype)

    In the Medieval period, there was a widespread fear of witches, accordingly producing an association of dark, intimidating characteristics with witches, such as cannibalism (witches described as "[sucking] the blood of newborn infants" [29]) or described as having the ability to fly, usually on the back of black goats. As the Renaissance period ...

  6. Magic and religion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_and_religion

    Ralph Merrifield, the British archaeologist credited as producing the first full-length volume dedicated to a material approach to magic, [2] defined the differences between religion and magic: "'Religion' is used to indicate the belief in supernatural or spiritual beings; 'magic', the use of practices intended to bring occult forces under ...

  7. History of magic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_magic

    In early medieval Europe, magia was a term of condemnation. [85] In medieval Europe, Christians often suspected Muslims and Jews of engaging in magical practices; [86] in certain cases, these perceived magical rites—including the alleged Jewish sacrifice of Christian children—resulted in Christians massacring these religious minorities. [87]

  8. Canon Episcopi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Episcopi

    The folk beliefs described in the text reflect the residue of pre-Christian beliefs about one century after the Carolingian Empire had been Christianized. It does not believe witchcraft to be a real physical manifestation; this was an important argument used by the opponents of the witch trials during the 16th century, such as Johann Weyer .

  9. Witch hunt - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_hunt

    As Renaissance occultism gained traction among the educated classes, the belief in witchcraft, which in the medieval period had been part of the folk religion of the uneducated rural population at best, was incorporated into an increasingly comprehensive theology of Satan as the ultimate source of all maleficium.