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[21] [22] Although not really a shortcoming, since the 1961 Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, [23] the primary criteria used to assign the morphological type (a, b, c, etc.) has been the nature of the spiral arms, rather than the bulge-to-disk flux ratio, and thus a range of flux ratios exist for each morphological type, [23] [full citation needed] [24 ...
Spiral galaxy UGC 12591 is classified as an S0/Sa galaxy. [1]The Hubble sequence is a morphological classification scheme for galaxies invented by Edwin Hubble in 1926. [2] [3] It is often known colloquially as the “Hubble tuning-fork” because of the shape in which it is traditionally represented.
The observational result of Hubble's law, the proportional relationship between distance and the speed with which a galaxy is moving away from us, usually referred to as redshift, is a product of the cosmic distance ladder. Edwin Hubble observed that fainter galaxies are more redshifted. Finding the value of the Hubble constant was the result ...
Hubble's results for Andromeda were not formally published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal until 1929. [29] Hubble's classification scheme. Hubble's findings fundamentally changed the scientific view of the universe. Supporters state that Hubble's discovery of nebulae outside of our galaxy helped pave the way for future astronomers. [30]
It differs from the “light travel distance” since the proper distance takes into account the expansion of the universe, i.e. the space expands as the light travels through it, resulting in numerical values which locate the most distant galaxies beyond the Hubble sphere and therefore with recession velocities greater than the speed of light c.
1912 — Vesto Slipher's spectrographic studies of spiral nebulae find high Doppler shifts indicating recessional velocity. 1917 — Heber Curtis finds novae in Andromeda Nebula M31 were ten magnitudes fainter than normal, giving a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs supporting the "island universes" or independent galaxies hypothesis for spiral nebulae.
Blue-hued galaxies are the closest, bursting with star formation and easily seen in visible light by Hubble. The red galaxies are more distant, best detected by Webb in infrared light.
NGC 1357 has a Hubble classification of Sab, which indicates it is a spiral galaxy with no bar. It is moving away from the Milky Way at a rate of 2,018 km/s. Its size on the night sky is 3.2' x 2.4' which is proportional to its real size of the 85 000 ly.