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By 18 months after the last injection, fertility is the same as that in former users of other contraceptive methods. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Fetuses exposed to progestogens have demonstrated higher rates of genital abnormalities, low birth weight, and increased ectopic pregnancy particularly when MPA is used as an injected form of long-term birth control.
In transgender women, estradiol valerate given by intramuscular injection is usually used at a dosage of 5 to 20 mg, but up to 30 to 40 mg, once every 2 weeks. [30] [31] [29] Estradiol valerate has also been used at a dose of 10 to 40 mg by intramuscular injection to limit bleeding in women with hemorrhage due to dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
Estradiol (E2) is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. [11] [12] [13] It is an estrogen and is used mainly in menopausal hormone therapy and to treat low sex hormone levels in women.
Vaginal progesterone may be associated with vaginal irritation, itchiness, and discharge, decreased libido, painful sexual intercourse, vaginal bleeding or spotting in association with cramps, and local warmth or a "feeling of coolness" without discharge. [28] Intramuscular injection may cause mild-to-moderate pain at the site of injection. [28]
Irregular bleeding and spotting: Many women will experience some type of irregular, unpredictable, prolonged, frequent, or infrequent bleeding. [31] Some women also experience amenorrhea . For some women, prolonged bleeding will decline after the first three months of use.
The most common side-effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include headache, nausea, breast tenderness, and breakthrough bleeding. Vaginal ring use can include additional side-effects including vaginal irritation and vaginal discharge. Contraceptive skin patch use can also include a side-effect of skin irritation around the patch site. [39]
Early-stage symptoms include vaginal bleeding after sex, between periods or after menopause, as well as pelvic pain or pain during sex, according to NCI. Advanced-stage symptoms include difficult ...
It may have a decreased risk of breast and colorectal cancer, though conversely it can be associated with vaginal bleeding, endometrial cancer, and increase the risk of stroke in women over age 60 years. [127] [128] Vaginal estrogen can improve local atrophy and dryness, with fewer systemic effects than estrogens delivered by other routes. [129]