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M4 is approximately 6,000 light-years away, [10] making it the closest globular cluster to the Solar System. It has an estimated age of 12.2 billion years. [7] In astronomy, the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium is called the metallicity, and it is usually denoted by the abundance ratio of iron to hydrogen as compared to the ...
The percentage going into each domain of the climate system is also indicated. Earth's energy budget (or Earth's energy balance) is the balance between the energy that Earth receives from the Sun and the energy the Earth loses back into outer space. Smaller energy sources, such as Earth's internal heat, are taken into consideration, but make a ...
NGC 6397 (also known as Caldwell 86) is a globular cluster in the constellation Ara that was discovered by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in 1752. [9] It is located about 7,800 light-years from Earth, [3] making it one of the two nearest globular clusters to Earth (the other one being Messier 4).
The cluster contains more than 1,000 statistically confirmed members, not counting the number that would be added if all binary stars could be resolved. [67] Its light is dominated by young, hot blue stars , up to 14 of which may be seen with the naked eye, depending on local observing conditions and visual acuity of the observer.
The concept of deep biospheres, like Earth's, that exist independently of stellar energy, are now generally accepted in astrobiology given the large amount of liquid water known to exist in lithospheres and asthenospheres of the Solar System. [15] Sustained by other energy sources, such as tidal heating [16] [17] or radioactive decay [18] or ...
The Earth's weather is a consequence of its illumination by the Sun and the laws of thermodynamics. The atmospheric circulation can be viewed as a heat engine driven by the Sun's energy and whose energy sink, ultimately, is the blackness of space. The work produced by that engine causes the motion of the masses of air, and in that process it ...
The Solar System is located within a structure called the Local Bubble, a low-density region of the galactic interstellar medium. [5] Within this region is the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC), an area of slightly higher hydrogen density. It is estimated that the Solar System entered the LIC within the past 10,000 years. [6]
Earth System science has articulated four overarching, definitive and critically important features of the Earth System, which include: Variability: Many of the Earth System's natural 'modes' and variabilities across space and time are beyond human experience, because of the stability of the recent Holocene.