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Skin whitening, also known as skin lightening and skin bleaching, is the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have ...
Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin. It does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does. This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976. [22] [23]
[49] [50] Skin lightening cosmetics are shown to have significant side effects, which increase in frequency over time. [51] It is a burden on one's mental health in a societal setting; users of skin creams, on average, remain dissatisfied with their complexion even after using the product.
The cream containing the drug combination fluocinolone acetonide/hydroquinone/tretinoin (trade name Tri-Luma) is used for the treatment of melasma (dark skin patches).It is marketed by Galderma.
Hydroquinone is generally well-tolerated; side effects are typically mild (e.g., skin irritation) and occur with the use of a higher than the recommended 4% concentration. [36] Most preparations contain the preservative sodium metabisulfite , which has been linked to rare cases of allergic reactions , including anaphylaxis and severe asthma ...
Hyperpigmentation can be caused by sun damage, inflammation, or other skin injuries, including those related to acne vulgaris. [1] [2] [3]: 854 People with darker skin tones are more prone to hyperpigmentation, especially with excess sun exposure. [4] Many forms of hyperpigmentation are caused by an excess production of melanin. [4]
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