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When blood glucose levels are high, glucose molecules attach to the hemoglobin in red blood cells. The longer hyperglycemia occurs in blood, the more glucose binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells and the higher the glycated hemoglobin. [17] Once a hemoglobin molecule is glycated, it remains that way.
Long-term control of blood sugar concentration can be measured by the concentration of Hb A 1c. Measuring it directly would require many samples because blood sugar levels vary widely through the day. Hb A 1c is the product of the irreversible reaction of hemoglobin A with glucose. A higher glucose concentration results in more Hb A 1c.
The cells release the glucose into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar levels. Hypoglycemia, the state of having low blood sugar, is treated by restoring the blood glucose level to normal by the ingestion or administration of dextrose or carbohydrate foods. It is often self-diagnosed and self-medicated orally by the ingestion of balanced meals.
Red blood cells have a consistent lifespan of 120 days and are accessible for measurement of glycated hemoglobin.Measurement of HbA1c—the predominant form of glycated hemoglobin—enables medium-term blood sugar control to be monitored in diabetes.
Glucose homeostasis, when operating normally, restores the blood sugar level to a narrow range of about 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L (79 to 110 mg/dL) (as measured by a fasting blood glucose test). [ 10 ] The global mean fasting plasma blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); [ 11 ] [ 12 ] however, this level fluctuates throughout ...
HbA1c levels of 5.7% to 6.4% indicates prediabetes, and 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes. This proportion of glycated hemoglobin doesn’t change day to day, so it gives a sense for whether the blood glucose levels have been high over the past 2 to 3 months. Over time, high glucose levels can cause damage to tiny blood vessels, called the ...
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