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Gram stain (Gram staining or Gram's method), is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. It may also be used to diagnose a fungal infection. [1] The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique in 1884. [2]
A simple staining method for bacteria that is usually successful, even when the positive staining methods fail, is to use a negative stain. This can be achieved by smearing the sample onto the slide and then applying nigrosin (a black synthetic dye) or India ink (an aqueous suspension of carbon particles).
A 3.5-centimeter glass slide placed in middle allows for examination of spore characteristics under a microscope. A printable chart to make a spore print and start identification The spore print is the powdery deposit obtained by allowing spores of a fungal fruit body to fall onto a surface underneath.
This results in the selective staining of only those cells that have a high density of cell wall material, such as acid-fast bacteria. [27] The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is a two step staining process. In the first step, the tissue is stained with a basic fuchsin solution, which stains all cells pink.
Owing to their morphological properties, spirochetes are difficult to Gram-stain but may be visualized using dark field microscopy or Warthin–Starry stain. [35] Examples include: Leptospira species, which cause leptospirosis. Borrelia species, such as Borrelia burgdorferi, a tick-borne bacterium that causes Lyme disease
After cooling, the slide is rinsed with water for thirty seconds. The slide is then stained with diluted safranin for two minutes, which stains most other microorganic bodies red or pink. The slide is then rinsed again, and blotted dry with bibulous paper. [2] After drying, the slide can then be viewed under a light microscope.
This diagram shows the hematopoiesis as it occurs in humans. It may look incomplete when rendered directly from WikiMedia. Reference list is found at: File:Hematopoiesis (human) diagram.png. The morphological characteristics of the hematopoietic cells are shown as seen in a Wright’s stain, May-Giemsa stain or May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain.
This staining technique is an equivalent of the indirect immunofluorescence technique for visible light. Colloidal gold particles are most often attached to secondary antibodies which are in turn attached to primary antibodies designed to bind a specific antigen or other cell component.