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Food insecurity and shortages were common throughout this time period and were matched with the high food prices and high unemployment rate. [4] This is shown through the differences in mortality rates between the lower and upper class, with poor infants being up to two times more likely to die than their wealthier counterparts. [2]
Alternatively, if a human population density based on that of modern medium to large-bodied carnivores, whose median density is 0.0275 individuals per km 2 and whose mean density is 0.0384 individuals per km 2, is used, a total Afro-Eurasian human population of 2,120,000 to 2,950,000 is obtained.
Similarly, in pre-modern societies for which evidence is available, such as early modern England and early 18th-century China, infant mortality varies independently of adult mortality, to the extent that equal life expectancies at age twenty can be obtained in societies with infant mortality rates of 15% to 35% (life table models omit this ...
Importantly, the estimate is also affected by the estimate of infant mortalities vs. stillborn infants, due to the very high rate of infant mortality throughout the pre-modern period. An estimate on the "total number of people who have ever lived" as of 1995 was calculated by Haub (1995) at "about 105 billion births since the dawn of the human ...
In the past, mortality rates for females in child-bearing age groups were higher than for males at the same age. A paper from 2015 found that female foetuses have a higher mortality rate than male foetuses. [83] This finding contradicts papers dating from 2002 and earlier that attribute the male sex to higher in-utero mortality rates.
Middle class households did the opposite due to their higher economic means and their infant female mortality rate declined. [23] The rising cost of rice additionally affected the adult demographics, adult male mortality rate increased more than the adult female mortality rate. [24] The growing population of China continued into the 21st century.
Bill of Mortality from 1606, one of the earlier times which John Graunt looked at in his work. John Graunt's analysis in Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality consisted of a compilation and an analysis of data from the Bills of Mortality. The Bills of Mortality were documents offering information about the births ...
Infant mortality was a global concern during the early modern period as many newborns would not survive into childhood. Bengsston provides comparative data on infant mortality averages in a variety of European towns, cities, regions and countries starting from the mid-1600s to the 1800s. [ 153 ]