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  2. Evaluation strategy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_strategy

    In a programming language, an evaluation strategy is a set of rules for evaluating expressions. [1] The term is often used to refer to the more specific notion of a parameter-passing strategy [2] that defines the kind of value that is passed to the function for each parameter (the binding strategy) [3] and whether to evaluate the parameters of a function call, and if so in what order (the ...

  3. Lazy evaluation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_evaluation

    In programming language theory, lazy evaluation, or call-by-need, [1] is an evaluation strategy which delays the evaluation of an expression until its value is needed (non-strict evaluation) and which also avoids repeated evaluations (by the use of sharing).

  4. Value type and reference type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_type_and_reference_type

    Values of reference type refer to objects allocated in the heap, whereas values of value type are contained either on the call stack (in the case of local variables and function parameters) or inside their containing entities (in the case of fields of objects and array elements). (With reference types, it is only the reference itself that is ...

  5. Call-by-push-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call-by-push-value

    In programming language theory, call-by-push-value (CBPV) is an intermediate language that embeds the call-by-value (CBV) and call-by-name (CBN) evaluation strategies. CBPV is structured as a polarized λ-calculus with two main types, "values" (+) and "computations" (-). [ 1 ]

  6. ALGOL 60 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_60

    ALGOL 60 provided two evaluation strategies for parameter passing: the common call-by-value, and call-by-name. The procedure declaration specified, for each formal parameter, which was to be used: value specified for call-by-value, and omitted for call-by-name. Call-by-name has certain effects in contrast to call-by-reference.

  7. Parameter (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer...

    In the most common case, call by value, a parameter acts within the subroutine as a new local variable initialized to the value of the argument (a local (isolated) copy of the argument if the argument is a variable), but in other cases, e.g. call by reference, the argument variable supplied by the caller can be affected by actions within the ...

  8. C++/CLI - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++/CLI

    A tracking reference in C++/CLI is a handle of a passed-by-reference variable. It is similar in concept to using *& (reference to a pointer) in standard C++, and (in function declarations) corresponds to the ref keyword applied to types in C#, or ByRef in Visual Basic .NET. C++/CLI uses a ^% syntax to indicate a tracking reference to a handle.

  9. Copy constructor (C++) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_constructor_(C++)

    because the call to those constructors would require a copy as well, which would result in an infinitely recursive call. The following cases may result in a call to a copy constructor: When an object is returned by value; When an object is passed (to a function) by value as an argument; When an object is thrown; When an object is caught by value