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Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. [1] In psychology, the process of introspection relies on the observation of one's mental state, while in a spiritual context it may refer to the examination of one's soul. [2]
Something within one's mind is 'introspectively conscious' just in case one introspects it (or is poised to do so). Introspection is often thought to deliver one's primary knowledge of one's mental life. An experience or other mental entity is 'phenomenally conscious' just in case there is 'something it is like' for one to have it.
Ψ , the first letter of the Greek word psyche from which the term psychology is derived, is commonly associated with the field of psychology. In 1890, William James defined psychology as "the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions." [14] This definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades.
Self-reflection depends upon a range of functions, including introspection and metacognition, which develop from infancy through adolescence, affecting how individuals interact with others, and make decisions. [4] Self-reflection is related to the philosophy of consciousness, the topic of awareness, and the philosophy of mind. [5]
This could be the neural basis of introspection, and of the reciprocity of self awareness and other awareness. There is obviously a chicken-or-egg question here as to which evolved first, but... The main point is that the two co-evolved, mutually enriching each other to create the mature representation of self that characterizes modern humans." [4]
The terms "self-image" and "self-esteem" are sometimes used as synonyms but some theorists draw precise distinctions between them. [98] According to Carl Rogers, the self-concept has three parts: self-image, ideal self, and self-worth. Self-image concerns the properties that a person ascribes to themself. The ideal-self is the ideal the person ...
Emily Pronin and Matthew Kugler have argued that this phenomenon is due to the introspection illusion. [8] In their experiments, subjects had to make judgments about themselves and about other subjects. [9] They displayed standard biases, for example rating themselves above the others on desirable qualities (demonstrating illusory superiority ...
As a virtue, it means "study of self", "self-reflection", "introspection, observation of self". [11] [12] [13] Svādhyāya is translated in a number of ways. Some translate it as the "study of the scriptures and darśanas." [14] Some translators simply use the word "study" without qualifying the type of study.