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During this era, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed, leading to the genocide of many eastern Indian tribes. [25] The final treaty with Native Americans which was known as The End of Treating Making 1871 [ 26 ] marked the end of government recognition of Indian tribes and introduced the creation of Indian reservations that continue to the ...
Treaty between two Cherokee towns with English traders of Carolina, 1684 Established a steady trade in deerskins and Indian slaves. Cherokee leaders who signed were: the Raven (Corani or Kalanu); Sinnawa the Hawk (Tawodi); Nellawgitchi (possibly Mankiller); Gorhaleke; Owasta; – all from Toxawa; and Canacaught (the Great Conqueror); Gohoma; and Caunasaita of Keowa.
The tribes trained and used horses to ride and to carry packs or pull travois. The people fully incorporated the use of horses into their societies and expanded their territories. They used horses to carry goods for exchange with neighboring tribes, to hunt game, especially bison, and to conduct wars and horse raids.
What Can Tribes Do? Strategies and Institutions in American Indian Economic Development; Dolin, Eric J. Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America. Gamble, L. H., & King, C. D. (2011). Beads and Ornaments from San Diego: Evidence for Exchange Networks in Southern California and the American Southwest.
But as individuals with horse-handling skills fled Spanish control, sometimes with a few trained horses, the local tribes began using horses for riding and as pack animals. By 1659, settlements reported being raided for horses, and in the 1660s the "Apache" [f] were trading human captives for horses. [42]
Although these tribes were consistent threats, the Iroquois became the most pressing enemy of the Illinois beginning in the late 1600s. [27] The Iroquois, hoping to replace deceased kin through adoption and looking for new hunting grounds after exhausting their own resources, killed or captured many Illinois people through their war parties.
He led a band of warriors of the Tussawehee sub-tribe of the Shoshone, the most powerful tribe in the area that would become Eastern Oregon, Idaho, and Western Montana. In this area, the Shoshone were often known by white people as the Snakes. By late August, the band was short of supplies, particularly good horses, guns, and ammunition.
This trade in slaves was new: prior to the arrival of Europeans, tribes in eastern North America did not view slaves as commodities that could be bought and sold freely. [ 12 ] [ 4 ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Anthropologist David Graeber argued that debt and the threat of violence made this sort of transformation of human beings into commodities possible.