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Hypoproteinemia is a condition where there is an abnormally low level of protein in the blood. There are several causes that all result in edema once serum protein levels fall below a certain threshold.
Hypoalbuminemia (or hypoalbuminaemia) is a medical sign in which the level of albumin in the blood is low. [1] This can be due to decreased production in the liver, increased loss in the gastrointestinal tract or kidneys, increased use in the body, or abnormal distribution between body compartments.
First, hypoproteinemia stimulates protein synthesis in the liver, resulting in the overproduction of low and very-low-density lipoproteins. There is also an increase in the liver synthesis of cholesterol. Second, lipid catabolism is decreased due to lower levels of lipoprotein lipase, the main enzyme involved in lipoprotein breakdown. [13]
Kwashiorkor is a type of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). SAM is a category, composed of two conditions: marasmus and kwashiorkor. [9] Both kwashiorkor and marasmus fall under the umbrella of protein–energy malnutrition (PEM). [10]
Reduced production (hypogammaglobulinemia), as well as increased protein loss (nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy), can cause hypoproteinemia. To determine the reason behind the lower serum total protein, a serum protein electrophoresis ought to be carried out.
In the setting of critical illness, low cholesterol levels are predictive of clinical deterioration, and are correlated with altered cytokine levels. [2]In humans with genetic loss-of-function variants in one copy of the ANGPTL3 gene, the serum LDL-C levels are reduced.
Protein–energy undernutrition (PEU), once called protein–energy malnutrition (PEM), is a form of malnutrition that is defined as a range of conditions arising from coincident lack of dietary protein and/or energy in varying proportions.
Proteinuria is the presence of excess proteins in the urine.In healthy persons, urine contains very little protein, less than 150 mg/day; an excess is suggestive of illness.