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In civil engineering, pipelines called inverted siphons are used to carry sewage or stormwater under streams, highway cuts, or other depressions in the ground. In an inverted siphon the liquid completely fills the pipe and flows under pressure, as opposed to the open-channel gravity flow that occurs in most sanitary or storm sewers. [91]
This inverted siphon was used to draw the fire's hot fumes up the front and down the back of the Franklin stove's hollow baffle, in order to extract as much heat as possible from the fumes. The earliest known example of such an inverted siphon was the 1618 fireplace of Franz Kessler. [9] The fire burned in a ceramic box.
Inverted siphoning occurs below the line "A". Examples of traps In plumbing , a trap is a U-shaped portion of pipe designed to trap liquid or gas to prevent unwanted flow; most notably sewer gases from entering buildings while allowing waste materials to pass through.
A lift station is a sewer sump that lifts accumulated sewage to a higher elevation. They may also be used to prime an inverted siphon used to cross underneath rivers or other obstructions. The pump may discharge to another gravity sewer or directly to a treatment plant. [6]
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Four inverted siphon tunnels cross the particularly deep and wide river valleys of the Durèze, the Garon, [4] the Yzeron and the Trion on pipe bridges raised on high arches. In these, water filled a sunken tank tower (castellum [5]) on the brim of a slope. The tank effected a transition between open channel flow and a lead pipeline.
It included 15 inverted siphons that covered a distance of 6.13 miles (9.87 km). A tunnel 0.7 miles (1.1 km) long also made up part of the ditch. The remainder was open canal. The longest section of pipeline was a 7,961 feet (2,427 m) siphon that crossed the Chatanika River with a head of 544 feet (166 m).
The siphon was built on arches to cross the marshy valley between the hills and the town. The central section consisted of 46 arches up to 15 m high, 29 of which are still standing. The siphon was 40 m deep between the towers leading to a pressure of 400kPa (4bar) in the pipes and delivered about 5600 m 3 per day. The pipes were carved blocks ...