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The Two Row Wampum Treaty, also known as Guswenta or Kaswentha and as the Tawagonshi Agreement of 1613 or the Tawagonshi Treaty, is a mutual treaty agreement, made in 1613 between representatives of the Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee (or Iroquois) and representatives of the Dutch government in what is now upstate New York. [1]
The Covenant Chain is embodied in the Two Row Wampum of the Iroquois, known as the people of the longhouse - Haudenosaunee. It was based in agreements negotiated between Dutch settlers in New Netherland (present-day New York) and the Five Nations of the Iroquois (or Haudenosaunee) early in the 17th century.
The Society put her Two Row wampum belt on display in March 2023, with the design representing the existence of two separate cultures working alongside one another. [5] The belt is a reference to the original alliance between the Haudenosaunee and Dutch traders made in 1613. [2]
Wampum beads are typically tubular in shape, often a quarter of an inch long and an eighth of an inch wide. One 17th-century Seneca wampum belt featured beads almost 2.5 inches (65 mm) long. [1] Women artisans traditionally made wampum beads by rounding small pieces of whelk shells, then piercing them with a hole before stringing them.
Two Row Wampum Treaty [note 47] Treaty between the Iroquois and representatives of the Dutch government. 1614 Treaty of Xanten: Ends the War of the Jülich Succession. 1615 Peace of Asti: Duke Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy relinquishes claims on Monferrato. Peace of Tyrnau: Recognizes Gábor Bethlen as the Prince of Transylvania. Treaty of Serav
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[11] In his lectures, he reminded European colonizers of the new world of their obligations under the two row wampum, the most significant pact made between the Iroquois and Europeans. His eloquence, persistence, and ability to speak French helped win the support of some nations, including Ireland, Panama, Persia, Japan, and Estonia. [ 12 ]
In 2019, Queen Elizabeth II was given a replica of the Two Row Wampum (Kaswentha), which symbolized an agreement between the Iroquois and representatives of the Dutch Crown in 1613, which formed the foundation of the Covenant Chain of later treaties with the English Crown. The parallel rows of purple beads "represent two groups living in ...