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In organic chemistry, the Swern oxidation, named after Daniel Swern, is a chemical reaction whereby a primary or secondary alcohol (−OH) is oxidized to an aldehyde (−CH=O) or ketone (>C=O) using oxalyl chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and an organic base, such as triethylamine.
Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. [1] It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds [2] and results in the product being largely free of acidic or basic impurities.
Alkenes can be made from alcohols by dehydration. This conversion, among others, is used in converting biomass to liquid fuels. [2] The conversion of ethanol to ethylene is a fundamental example: [3] [4] CH 3 CH 2 OH → H 2 C=CH 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is accelerated by acid catalysts such as sulfuric acid and certain zeolites.
In organic chemistry, some dehydration reactions are subject to unfavorable but fast equilibria. One example is the formation of dioxolanes from aldehydes: [9] RCHO + (CH 2 OH) 2 RCH(OCH 2) 2 + H 2 O. Such unfavorable reactions proceed when water is removed by azeotropic distillation.
Dimethylacetamide (DMAc or DMA) is the organic compound with the formula CH 3 C(O)N(CH 3) 2. This colorless, water-miscible, high-boiling liquid is commonly used as a polar solvent in organic synthesis. DMA is miscible with most other solvents, although it is poorly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons.
[2] [3] Anhydrous solvents are commercially available from chemical suppliers, and are packaged in sealed containers to maintain dryness. [4] Typically anhydrous solvents will contain approximately 10 ppm of water and will increase in wetness if they are not properly stored. Organic solutions can be dried using a range of drying agents.
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The "drying", hardening, or, more properly, curing of oils is the result of autoxidation, the addition of oxygen to an organic compound and the subsequent crosslinking. This process begins with an oxygen molecule (O 2 ) in the air inserting into carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds adjacent to one of the double bonds within the unsaturated fatty acid.